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Seeding is less reliable than planting, and natural regeneration even less so, but these regeneration methods may be suitable, low-cost alternatives on some reclaimed sites. both seeding and natural regeneration avoid the costs of nursery stock, seedling transportation, labour-intensive planting and narrow operational windows. However, these techniques also have high risks as target species may fair to become established at target densities, particularly if there is high competition or other limiting factors on a reclaimed site. This document provides information on natural regeneration and seeding as vegetation establishment methods, providing guidance as to when these methods are appropriate for site re-establishment.