The Multiple Toxicity of Vanadium, Nickel, and Phenol to Fish

This study was initiated in early 1976 during the early stages of the Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program. The goal of the project was the establishment of criteria safeguarding fish from toxic effects of mixtures of vanadium, nickel, and phenol to fish. All three constituents are associated with oil sands developments. Such knowledge could be used for an assessment of aquatic environmental problems that could be caused by oil sands development activities. A number of parallel aquatic toxicological investigations were also conducted. For further information, the reader is referred to AOSERP Report 23 "Acute Lethality of Mine Depressurization Water to Trout-Perch and Rainbow Trout", AOSERP Report 41 "Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Vanadium to Fish", and AOSERP Report 56 "The Acute Toxicity of Saline Groundwaters and of Vanadium to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates".