Potential of Macrophytes for Wastewater Remediation with Constructed Floating Wetlands in Cold Climates

Nature-based, low technology wastewater treatment systems can benefit small and remote communities. Adding a constructed floating wetland (CFW) to waste stabilization ponds can enhance treatment efficacy at low cost, depending on appropriate macrophytes. In cold climates, harsh growing conditions may limit CFW success, requiring research under-ambient field conditions. Seven native macrophytes were assessed for the growth, biomass production, and root and shoot uptake of potential contaminants of concern from municipal wastewater in a facultative stabilization pond in Alberta, Canada. All macrophytes established. Scirpus microcarpus had high nitrogen and phosphorus in roots and shoots and phytoextraction potential. Metal and trace elements were highest in Glyceria grandis, Beckmannia syzigachne, and Scirpus microcarpus, mostly greater in roots than shoots, indicating phytostabilization. Tissue contaminant concentrations did not always indicate high contaminant accumulation in the CFW. Total uptake per unit area was greatest for Glyceria grandis, although chromium and molybdenum were greatest in Beckmannia syzigachne and Carex aquatilis, respectively. Beckmannia syzigachne and Scirpus microcarpus have potential for phytoremediation if biomass per unit area is increased. Species variability is high for contaminant accumulation and biomass; in unpredictable climates and wastewaters with suites of contaminants, different macrophytes for wetland water treatment systems are recommended.