Including Data or Evidence From Multiple Knowledge Systems (Guiding Resources)

Introduction

The most effective caribou monitoring programs are undertaken in partnership with local communities. This often means that data or evidence from multiple knowledge systems (e.g. Indigenous and non-Indigenous) contribute to the monitoring program. This annotated bibliography compiles resources related to community-based monitoring (CBM) and weaving, bridging, braiding, co-producing, and co-representing knowledge. The guidance and lessons provided in these resources can be applied in a boreal caribou monitoring context to improve your outcomes and support the pursuit of reconciliation with Indigenous nations and communities.

From the Indigenous knowledge circle

For broader guidance on working with Indigenous Peoples in your monitoring programs or other stewardship projects, check out “Beyond Conservation: A Toolkit for Respectful Collaboration with Indigenous Peoples”.

Recommended readings

guidance for working with multiple knowledge systems

• Bartlett, C., Marshall, M., & Marshall, A. (2012). Two-Eyed Seeing and other lessons learned within a co-learning journey of bringing together indigenous and mainstream knowledges and ways of knowing. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 2(4), 331–340. 
• Ban, N.C., Frid, A., Reid, M., Edgar, B., Shaw, D., & Siwallace, P. (2018). Incorporate Indigenous perspectives for impactful research and effective management. Nature Ecology & Evolution 2, 1680- 1683. 
• Bennett, J.A. (2016). Using perceptions as evidence to improve conservation and environmental management. Conservation Biology 30, 582-592. 
• Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological Applications 10, 1251-1262. 
• Henri, D. A., Provencher, J. F., Bowles, E., Taylor, J. J., Steel, J., Chelick, C., ... & Alexander, S. M. (2021). Weaving Indigenous knowledge systems and Western sciences in terrestrial research, monitoring and management in Canada: A protocol for a systematic map. Ecological Solutions and Evidence, 2(2), e12057.
• Danielsen, F., Burgess, N. D., Balmford, A., Donald, P. F., Funder, M., Jones, J. P., ... & Child, B. (2009). Local participation in natural resource monitoring: a characterization of approaches. Conservation Biology 23, 31-42. 
• Huntington, H.P. (2000). Using Traditional Ecological Knowledge in science: methods and applications. Ecological Applications 10, 1270-1274. 
• Johnson, J.T., Howitt, R., Cajete, G. et al. Weaving Indigenous and sustainability sciences to diversify our methods. Sustain Sci 11, 1–11 (2016). 
• Levac, L., Mcmurtry, L., Stienstra, D., Baikie, G., Hanson, C., & Mucina, D. (2018). Learning Across Indigenous and Western Knowledge Systems and Intersectionality: Reconciling Social Science Research (p. 48). 
• Moller, H., Berkes, F., Lyver, O.B., & Kislaliogul, M. (2004). Combining science and Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Monitoring populations for co-management. Ecology and Society 9, 2. 
• Polfus, J. L., Simmons, D., Neyelle, M., Bayha, W., Andrew, F., Andrew, L., ... & Manseau, M. (2017). Creative convergence: exploring biocultural diversity through art. Ecology and Society, 22(2). 
• Polfus, J. L., Manseau, M., Simmons, D., Neyelle, M., Bayha, W., Andrew, F., ... & Wilson, P. (2016). Łeghágots' enetę (learning together) the importance of indigenous perspectives in the identification of biological variation. Ecology and Society, 21(2). 
• Reid, A. J., Eckert, L. E., Lane, J. F., Young, N., Hinch, S. G., Darimont, C. T., ... & Marshall, A. (2021). “Two‐Eyed Seeing”: An Indigenous framework to transform fisheries research and management. Fish and Fisheries, 22(2), 243-261. 
• Tengö, M., Brondizio, E. S., Elmqvist, T., Malmer, P., & Spierenburg, M. (2014). Connecting Diverse Knowledge Systems for Enhanced Ecosystem Governance: The Multiple Evidence Base Approach. AMBIO, 43(5), 579–591. 

Guidance on community-based monitoring (CBM)

• Johnson, N., Behe, C., Danielsen, F., Kruümmel, E.-M., Nickels, S., & Pulsifer, P. L. (2016). Community-Based Monitoring and Indigenous Knowledge in a Changing Arctic: A Review for the Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks. Final Report to Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks. 
• Bannister, K., Fargey, K.S., Spencer (2019). Ethics in Community Based Monitoring and Knowledge Coproduction: A Report on Proceedings from the Ethical Space for Knowledge Coproduction Workshop on Ethics in Community Based Monitoring (p. 130). University of Alberta. 
• Baker, J. (2017). Research as Reciprocity: Northern Cree Community-Based and Community-Engaged Research on Wild Food Contamination in Alberta’s Oil Sands Region. Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning, 2(1), 109–124. 
• Raygorodetsky, G., & Chetkiewicz, C. (2017). Watching, listening, and learning to understand change: Developing a community-based monitoring (CBM) initiative in Ontario’s far north. Wildlife Conservation Society Canada. 
• Tondu, J. M. E., Balasubramaniam, A. M., Chavarie, L., Gantner, N., Knopp, J. A., Provencher, J. F., Wong, P. B. Y., & D., S. (2014). Working with Northern Communities to Build Collaborative Research Partnerships: Perspectives from Early Career Researchers. ARCTIC, 67(3). 
• Tobias, J. K., Richmond, C. A. M., & Luginaah, I. (2013). Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) with Indigenous Communities: Producing Respectful and Reciprocal Research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics, 8(2). 

Case studies related to CBM and/or working with multiple knowledge systems

• Benson, K., & Winbourne, J. (2015). Literature review and interviews: Indigenous ways of knowing boreal caribou populations. Report prepared for the Ɂehdzo Got’ı̨nę Gots’ę́ Nákedı (Sahtú Renewable Resources Board) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Government of the Northwest Territories.
• Bowles, E., Marin, K., MacLeod, P., & Fraser, D. J. (2021). A three‐pronged approach that leans on Indigenous knowledge for northern fish monitoring and conservation. Evolutionary Applications, 14(3), 653-657. 
• Fraser, D. J., Coon, T., Prince, M. R., Dion, R., & Bernatchez, L. (2006). Integrating traditional and evolutionary knowledge in biodiversity conservation: a population level case study. Ecology and Society, 11(2). 
• Gagnon, C. A., Hamel, S., Russell, D. E., Andre, J., Buckle, A., Haogak, D., ... & Berteaux, D. (2023). Climate, caribou and human needs linked by analysis of Indigenous and scientific knowledge. Nature Sustainability, 1-11.
• Gagnon, C. A., and D. Berteaux. (2009). Integrating traditional ecological knowledge and ecological science: a question of scale. Ecology and Society 14(2): 19.  
• Hopkins, D., Joly, T. L., Sykes, H., Waniandy, A., Grant, J., Gallagher, L., Hansen, L., Wall, K., Fortna, P., & Bailey, M. (2019). “Learning Together”: Braiding Indigenous and Western Knowledge Systems to Understand Freshwater Mussel Health in the Lower Athabasca Region of Alberta, Canada. Journal of Ethnobiology, 39(2), 315. 
• Raygorodetsky, G., & Chetkiewicz, C. (2017). Watching, listening, and learning to understand change: Developing a community-based monitoring (CBM) initiative in Ontario’s far north. Wildlife Conservation Society Canada. 
• Polfus, J.L., Heinemeyer, K., & Hebblewhite, M. (2014). Comparing Traditional Ecological Knowledge and western science woodland caribou habitat models. Journal of Wildlife Management 78, 112- 121. 
• Stern, E. R., & Humphries, M. M. (2022). Interweaving local, expert, and Indigenous knowledge into quantitative wildlife analyses: a systematic review. Biological Conservation, 266, 109444. 
• Wilson, N. J., Mutter, E., Inkster, J., & Satterfield, T. (2018). Community-Based Monitoring as the practice of Indigenous governance: A case study of Indigenous-led water quality monitoring in the Yukon River Basin. Journal of Environmental Management, 210, 290–298. 

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August 2024 (launch) 

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