Use of Linear Features by Mammal Predators and Prey in Managed Boreal Forests

In managed boreal forests, logging operations maintain high levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the ecosystem. The establishment of permanent anthropogenic linear features such as logging roads in the landscape may be a major factor in the predator-prey system. Logging roads may potentially improve the numerical and functional response of predators. Using camera traps, our objective was to explain according to local and landscape factors how the number of uses by wolves, black bears, lynx and moose, varies along different natural and anthropogenic linear features during the snow-free season. In western Quebec (Canada), the managed forest south of Val-d’Or encloses an isolated caribou population facing extinction that requires active restoration of their habitat. In this site, we used stratified random selection of gravel forest roads (n = 33), winter forest roads (n = 28) and riparian areas (n = 19) to compare their characteristics and number of uses by the four species. For wolves, black bears, and lynx, positive differences in lateral cover between the surroundings and the linear feature mainly explained their number of uses. Number of uses by wolves and lynx were positively related to use by their respective prey species (moose and snowshoe hare). Gray wolf use was also positively affected by distance to a higher forest road class and negatively affected by distance to the nearest urban area. Gravel forest roads had the highest number of uses by all species, as they showed greater positive differences in lateral cover as compared to the surroundings area due to their limited vegetation growth and by frequent maintenance activities. We recommend that restoration efforts aimed at forest road closures should target roads with a high value of difference in lateral cover, which is particularly the case in most gravel roads. Lower lateral cover on these linear feature as compared to their surroundings area favors the movement of predators and alternative prey. Our results thus suggest that investing in gravel roads restoration can benefit conservation efforts in caribou habitat.